Ekoteologi Injili Abad Ke-21: Dinamika, Kritik dan Arah Emansipatoris Bagi Kekristenan

Yohanes Hasiholan Tampubolon; Munir; Muhtar Solihin

doi:10.63218/2q8m3t14

Authors

Yohanes Hasiholan Tampubolon Sekolah Tinggi Teologi SAPPI Ciranjang Author
Munir Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung Author
Muhtar Solihin Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63218/2q8m3t14

Keywords:

Ekoteologi, Injili, Emansipatoris

Abstract

Krisis ekologis global pada abad ke-21 menuntut respons teologis dari berbagai tradisi keagamaan, termasuk gerakan Kristen Injili. Artikel ini merefleksikan dinamika ekoteologi Injili dengan menganalisis literatur terkini yang membahas bagaimana Alkitab, doktrin, dan misi Kristen ditafsirkan ulang untuk merespons kerusakan lingkungan dan perubahan iklim. Artikel ini menunjukkan adanya kontradiksi dalam tubuh Injili, di satu sisi, muncul gerakan kepedulian lingkungan, inovasi hermeneutik, reinterpretasi konsep eskatologis, dan integrasi isu lingkungan dengan keadilan sosial, di sisi lain, masih kuat sikap skeptis, apatis, dan penolakan terhadap narasi krisis ekologis, terutama di kalangan Injili konservatif yang terkait dengan eskatologi dispensasional dan aliansi politik kanan. Dengan menggunakan metode kajian literatur dan analisis tematik, artikel ini memetakan faktor-faktor teologis, generasional, politik, dan geografis yang membentuk keragaman respons tersebut, sekaligus menilai sejauh mana perubahan teologis telah diterjemahkan dalam praksis konkret. Secara khusus, artikel ini menyoroti konteks Kekristenan Injili di Indonesia, yang sebagai minoritas religius cenderung mengembangkan politik defensif dan beroperasi dalam hegemoni ekonomi-politik kapitalistik. Sebagai kontribusi normatif, artikel ini mengusulkan kerangka ekoteologi Injili emansipatoris melalui tiga jalan: Metanoia (pertobatan ekologis atas dosa individual dan struktural), Marturia (kesaksian melalui keterlibatan praksis bersama komunitas terdampak), dan Dikaiosyne (komitmen pada keadilan ekologis-struktural). Dengan demikian, ekoteologi Injili diposisikan bukan sekadar sebagai koreksi moral internal gereja, tetapi sebagai praksis iman yang berpihak pada kelestarian bumi dan emansipatoris bagi mereka yang paling terdampak oleh kerusakan ekologis.

Author Biographies

Munir, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Prof. Dr. Munir adalah akademisi dan peneliti yang berafiliasi dengan UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Bidang keilmuannya mencakup studi Islam, pendidikan Islam, dan kajian sosial-keagamaan di Indonesia. Dalam karier akademiknya, ia aktif melakukan penelitian, menulis karya ilmiah, serta terlibat dalam berbagai forum akademik nasional maupun internasional. Selain kegiatan riset dan publikasi, Prof. Munir juga berperan dalam pengembangan pendidikan tinggi Islam melalui pengajaran, pembinaan mahasiswa, dan kontribusi dalam pengembangan kebijakan akademik di lingkungan perguruan tinggi keagamaan.
Muhtar Solihin, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Prof. Dr. H. Muhtar Solihin, M.Ag. adalah Guru Besar dalam bidang Ilmu Tasawuf di Fakultas Ushuluddin, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia. Ia aktif dalam pengembangan kajian spiritualitas Islam, tasawuf, dan pemikiran keagamaan kontemporer. Selain mengajar dan membimbing mahasiswa, ia juga terlibat dalam berbagai kegiatan akademik seperti penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, serta forum ilmiah nasional maupun internasional. Karya-karyanya banyak membahas dimensi spiritualitas, etika keagamaan, dan peran tasawuf dalam merespons berbagai tantangan sosial modern, termasuk isu radikalisme dan krisis moral dalam masyarakat.

References

Bielo, James S. Emerging Evangelicals: Faith, Modernity, and the Desire for Authenticity. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

Bjork-James, Sophie. “Lifeboat Theology: White Evangelicalism, Apocalyptic Chronotopes, and Environmental Politics.” Ethnos 88, no. 2 (March 2023): 330–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2020.1839527.

Bosch, David J. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Twentieth anniversary edition. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 2011.

Callison, Candis. How Climate Change Comes to Matter: The Communal Life of Facts. Experimental Futures Technological Lives, Scientific Arts, Anthropological Voices. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822376064.

Choi, Sungho. “A Biblical-Theological Critique of Neo-Liberal and Neo-Conservative Evangelicalism in the Season of Climate Change.” International Journal of Public Theology 18, no. 1 (March 2024): 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697320-20240116.

Christopher Cone. “Redacted Dominionism: An Evangelical, Environmentally Sympathetic Reading of the Early Genesis Narrative.” Dissertation, University of North Texas, 2011.

Conradie, Ernst M. “THE CHURCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SEVEN STATIONS TOWARDS THE SANCTIFICATION OF THE WHOLE EARTH.” Scriptura 107, no. 0 (August 2012): 156–70. https://doi.org/10.7833/107-0-133.

Daniel Rakes. “Pentecostalism and the Environmental Crisis: Is a Theological Climate Change Necessary?” Regent University, 2016.

Danielsen, Sabrina. “Fracturing Over Creation Care? Shifting Environmental Beliefs Among Evangelicals, 1984–2010.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52, no. 1 (March 2013): 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12017.

Dave Bookless, Rev. “Christian Mission and Environmental Issues: An Evangelical Reflection La Mission Chrétienne et Les Questions d’environnement : Une Réflexion Évangélique Christliche Mission Und Umweltfragen: Eine Evangelikale Überlegung Misión Cristiana y Temas Ambientales: Una Reflexión Evangélica.” Mission Studies 25, no. 1 (2008): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338308X293891.

Dunlap, Julie, and Stephen R. Kellert, eds. Companions in Wonder: Children and Adults Exploring Nature Together. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2012.

Ferdinand D. Dagmang. “STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL SIN.” Hapag 2, no. 1 (2005): 77–112.

Fred Van Dyke. “Between Heaven and Earth—Evangelical Engagement in Conservation.” Conservation Biology 19, no. 6 (2005): 1693–96.

Ginting, Bayu Kaesarea, Rinto Fransiskus Pangaribuan, and Albungkari Albungkari. “Analisis Bibliometrik Untuk Memetakan Diskursus Teologi Dalam Percakapan Krisis Ekologis Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup 5, no. 2 (March 2023): 382–406. https://doi.org/10.38189/jtbh.v5i2.231.

Hoon, Chang-Yau. “Religious Aspirations among Urban Christians in Contemporary Indonesia.” International Sociology 31, no. 4 (July 2016): 413–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580916643853.

Hunt, Robert A. “The History of the Lausanne Movement, 1974–2010.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 35, no. 2 (April 2011): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/239693931103500203.

Hutabarat, Franklin. “Navigating Diversity: Exploring Religious Pluralism and Social Harmony in Indonesian Society.” European Journal of Theology and Philosophy 3, no. 6 (November 2023): 6–13. https://doi.org/10.24018/theology.2023.3.6.125.

Jähnichen, Traugott. “‘Ecological Justice’: Towards an Integrative Concept of the Protection of Creation.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 78, no. 2 (August 2022). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i2.7738.

Jakobsen, Martin. “Evangelical Ecotheology: How the Resurrection Entails Creation Care.” Studies in Christian Ethics 37, no. 2 (May 2024): 228–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/09539468241233176.

Kay, William K. “Reinventing English Evangelicalism, 1966‐2001: A Theological and Sociological Study – By Rob Warner.” Religious Studies Review 34, no. 3 (September 2008): 180–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2008.00295_40.x.

Lausanne Movement (Lausanne). “The Cape Town Commitment.” 2010.

Löwy, Michael. “Capitalism as Religion: Walter Benjamin and Max Weber.” Historical Materialism 17, no. 1 (2009): 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920609X399218.

Marshall, K. L. “Revisiting the Scopes Trial: Young-Earth Creationism, Creation Science, and the Evangelical Denial of Climate Change.” Religions 12, no. 2 (February 2021): 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020133.

Mathilda, Sterra Helena, Binsar Jonathan Pakpahan, and Sandro Hasoloan Tobing. “Sistem Ladang Gilir Balik Sebagai Ekoteologi Masyarakat Dayak.” Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup 4, no. 1 (September 2021): 117–37. https://doi.org/10.38189/jtbh.v4i1.150.

Matthew J. Lynch. “An Ecological Grammar of Violence.” Cateclesia Institute, August 5, 2020. https://cateclesia.com/2020/08/05/an-ecological-grammar-of-violence/.

Matthew Wong. “A Survey of Evangelical Hermeneutical Approaches to Conservation.” The Evangelical Review of Theology and Politics 8 (n.d.): 13–28.

Nabilah Muhamad. “Mayoritas Penduduk Indonesia Beragama Islam Pada Semester I 2024.” Databoks (Jakarta), 1014. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/demografi/statistik/66b45dd8e5dd0/mayoritas-penduduk-indonesia-beragama-islam-pada-semester-i-2024.

Negrov, Alexander, and Alexander Malov. “Eco-Theology and Environmental Leadership in Orthodox and Evangelical Perspectives in Russia and Ukraine.” Religions 12, no. 5 (April 2021): 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12050305.

Neville, David J. “On Behalf of Creation: Reading the Destructive Cosmic Eschatology of 2 Peter 3 in the Light of the Transfiguration.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 47, no. 3 (March 2025): 470–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X241299828.

Pattemore, Stephen. “Green Bibles, Justice, and Translation.” The Bible Translator 61, no. 4 (October 2010): 217–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/026009351006100405.

Pestana, Carla Gardina. “Evangelicalism and Conversion.” In Atlantic History, by Carla Gardina Pestana. Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0024.

Peter Goodwin Heltzel. The World House: Prophetic Protestantism and the Struggle for Environmental Justice. 2010.

Pritchard, Lowell. “Cultivating a Constituency for Conservation: Constituency for Conservation.” Conservation Biology 25, no. 6 (December 2011): 1103–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01780.x.

Richard Slimbach. “Global Development in the Anthropocene.” Christian Relief, Development, and Advocacy 1, no. 2 (2020): 70–82.

Sinaga, Martin Lukito. “Umat Kristiani Dan Politik Praktis Di Indonesia: Dari Politik Minoritas Ke Politik Pluralisme.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (October 2017): 161. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v1i1.51.

Singgih, Emmanuel Gerrit. Iman dan politik dalam era reformasi di Indonesia. Cet. 1. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2000.

Spence, Mark B., and Lee W. Brown. “Theology and Corporate Environmental Responsibility: A Biblical Literalism Approach to Creation Care.” Journal of Biblical Integration in Business 21, no. 1 (September 2018). https://doi.org/10.69492/jbib.v21i1.492.

Spencer, Andrew J. Hope for God’s Creation: Stewardship in an Age of Futility. 1st ed. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group, 2023.

Stanley, Brian. “‘Lausanne 1974’: The Challenge from the Majority World to Northern-Hemisphere Evangelicalism.” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 64, no. 3 (July 2013): 533–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002204691200067X.

Studebaker, Steven M. “THE SPIRIT IN CREATION: A UNIFIED THEOLOGY OF GRACE AND CREATION CARE.” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 43, no. 4 (December 2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2008.00970.x.

Tampilang, Risno, and Gifliyani Nayoan. “‘Dalumatehu Sémbanua’, Sebuah Upaya Berteologi Masyarakat Sangihe Dalam Merespon Eksploitasi Lingkungan.” GEMA TEOLOGIKA: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual Dan Filsafat Keilahian 10, no. 1 (April 2025): 33–56. https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2025.101.1198.

Tampubolon, Yohanes Hasiholan, and Dreitsohn Franklyn Purba. “Kapitalisme Global Sebagai Akar Kerusakan Lingkungan: Kritik Terhadap Etika Lingkungan.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 9, no. 1 (April 2022): 83–104. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v9i1.265.

Warwer, Fredrik, Yakob Godlif Malatuny, and Santy Layan. “Kehilangan Hutan, Kehilangan Masa Depan: Krisis Ekologi Dalam Pendekatan Biblis.” DIEGESIS: Jurnal Teologi Kharismatika 7, no. 1 (June 2024): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.53547/diegesis.v7i1.446.

Weinata Sairin. Iman Kristen Dan Pergumulan Kekinian. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 1996.

Wilkinson, John Laurence. Church in Black and White: The Black Christian Tradition in “Mainstream” Churches in England; a White Response and Testimony. 1. publ. Windows on Theology/Fenster Zur Theologie. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1993.

Wim, Chandra. “The Chronicles of Evangelicalism: Sebuah Pengantar Historis Terhadap Gerakan Evangelikal.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan 12, no. 2 (October 2011): 185–207. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v12i2.249.

World Council of Churches. “‘Ecological Repentance Is the Path to Justice,’ Says Metropolitan Serafim at COP29.” 2024. https://www.oikoumene.org/news/ecological-repentance-is-the-path-to-justice-says-metropolitan-serafim-at-cop29.

Yohanes Hasiholan Tampubolon. “Refleksi Kepedulian Injili Pada Isu Lingkungan Hidup.” Stulos 18, no. 1 (January 2020): 53–76.

Zaleha, Bernard Daley, and Andrew Szasz. “Why Conservative Christians Don’t Believe in Climate Change.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71, no. 5 (January 2015): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340215599789.